<p>The County Road C117–Pike River Bridge is a steel stringer bridge located on County Road C117  over the Pike River just south of Chassell, Michigan. The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, the state of Michigan passed the State trunkline Act, which authorized the creation of a series of trunkline highways throughout Michigan. One such line was a north–south route through the western counties of Michigans Upper Peninsula (Keweenaw, Houghton, Ontonagon, and Gogebic counties), tying the northern tip of the Keweenaw Peninsula to the UPs main east–west trunkline. The planned trunkline crossed both the Pike and Snake rivers near Chassell along the eastern side of the Keweenaw. The Michigan State Highway Department designed two 38 ft steel stringer bridges, designated trunkline bridges number 8 and 9, to cross the two rivers. The contract to build the two bridges was awarded to the Houghton-based Smith-Byers-Sparks Company in 1913, and the company completed construction of the bridges the next year.</p><br>
<p>By 1915, the trunkline highway had been nearly completed. In the 1920s, the route was incorporated into what is now US 41. In 1934, the nearby Snake River bride was replaced; US 41 was later rerouted near the Pike River, leaving the original trunkline bridge to service local traffic on the redesignated county road 117.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The County Road C117–Pike River Bridge has a main span 38 ft long, with a structure width of 21.4 ft and a roadway width of 19.1 ft. It is constructed of five rolled I-beams supported by concrete abutments at each end. The bridge was developed from a standard design, first delineated by the state highway department in 1905-1906. The steel stringer design was one of the first established by the department, and was used intermittently during the 1910s for relatively short spans.</p><br>
<p>Standard paneled concrete guardrails are incorporated on each side of the bridge. One of the guardrails includes the cast words, "State trunkline Bridge 1914" and another, "Built by S-B-S Company Houghton."</p><br>
<p>The County Road C117–Pike River Bridge is in excellent condition, and is essentially unaltered from when it was built. The bridge was one of the first trunkline bridges built that used the Michigan State Highway Departments steel stringer configuration. Of the 22 total trunkline bridges the department listed in its 1913–14 biennial report, almost half were stringer bridges, and of these Pike River Bridge is the only one to remain undemolished and unaltered. This bridge is thus significant as an early unaltered example of this important bridge structural type used in the Upper Peninsulas trunkline system.</p><br>
<p>Membury Camp, or Membury Fort, is the site of an Iron Age hill fort located on the borders of Wiltshire and Berkshire, . The site encompasses 14 hectares, and is situated in the south-western corner of a small plateau. The circular earthworks are completely shrouded in trees and inside the walls it is mostly arable farmland. To the northeast, in the Berkshire segment, the camp is totally wooded by a small copse, Walls Copse, which covers a quarter of the site. To the north and east the adjoining ground is flat, but to the south and west it falls away steeply, providing a natural defence. The camp consists of a single ditch with banks on either side and encloses and area measuring 390m by 490m. A gap in the east with inturning flanks is probably an original entrance though it is mutilated and overgrown. Other gaps in the banks appear to be more modern. A possible hut circle is visible as a cropmark situated at the south end of the hill fort. The east side of the earthwork has been partly destroyed by the construction of a wartime airfield, RAF Membury. The site has not been excavated but a number of prehistoric finds have been found in the vicinity. It is a scheduled ancient monument no. 228970 There have been several collections of pottery found, in 1977, 1980 and 1987 Other significant finds have also included for flint artefacts from the mesolithic era, and flint tools from the neolithic era, prior to the Iron Age.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located at, to the southwest of the village and parish of Lambourn, in the county of Wiltshire and in part Berkshire. The site lies at a height of approximately 200m AOD. There is a public footpath that runs through the site and bridleways to the east and south of the site. The M4 motorway lies to the immediate north and northeast. The motorway services station Membury services, and the wartime airfield, RAF Membury, also lie to the immediate north east.</p><br>
<p>Centre Island aka. A Chau  is a small uninhabited island of Hong Kong located in Tolo Harbour, in the northwestern part of the territory. Administratively, it is part of Tai Po District.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island has an area of 0.035 km. Its highest point is at 26.8 m.</p><br>
<p>The island has a partially rugged coastline with sections with sandy beaches. The interior of the island is covered by trees.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A mid-Neolithic prehistoric site dating back to about 6,000 years ago has been identified on Centre Island during a survey conducted in 1997-1998. Prehistoric sites have been discovered on two other islands of Tolo Harbour, namely Yuen Chau Tsai (3,000 years, Bronze Age) and Yim Tin Tsai (4,000 years, late Neolithic).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Centre Island was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1982. The designation is based on the geological interest of the island.</p><br>
<p>Centre Island is part of the Ma Shi Chau Special Area, together with three other islands in Tolo Harbour, namely Ma Shi Chau, Yeung Chau and an unnamed island located about 100 m northeast of the shore of Yim Tin Tsai (Tai Po)|Yim</p><br>
<p>Tin Tsai near Sam Mun Tsai New Village. The Special Area was designated in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Adair County Courthouse, located in Greenfield, Iowa, United States, was built from 1891-1892. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third structure to house county courts and administration offices.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The county’s first courthouse was located in Fontanelle from 1856 to 1874. It was a two-story frame building constructed from locally harvested wood. After the county seat moved to Greenfield the building was used as a school, church, meeting hall and town hall until it was destroyed in a fire in 1910. A two-story courthouse was built in Greenfield for $8,000. It was destroyed by fire in 1889 and courthouse functions moved to a nearby opera house until a new structure was completed. The cornerstone for the present courthouse was laid on July 4, 1891. It was constructed of brick in the Romanesque Revival style at a cost of $26,768.</p><br>
<p>The Benton County Courthouse, located in Vinton, Iowa, United States, was built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benton County’s first courthouse was a log structure, but it did not have a roof or floor, so the court met in a log home during inclement weather. Because of a dispute over the location of the county seat the second courthouse stood unfinished until 1852, and was destroyed by fire the following year. The county’s third courthouse was built at a cost of $13,000 and dedicated in December 1856. The present courthouse was completed in 1906 for $105,000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Bell & Detweiler of Minneapolis, the Beaux Arts style building features a 112 ft central tower. It contains a four-faced illuminated clock, a 1,500 lb B-flat bell and is topped with a dome. The exterior of the building is clad in Buckeye gray sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The Boone County Courthouse, located in Boone, Iowa, United States, was built in 1917. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first county seat for Boone County was located in Boonesboro. The first building to properly be called a courthouse was a two-story building constructed in 1856 at a cost of $2,100. When it was decided to build a new courthouse the town of Montana desired the new structure be built there. After two votes Boonesboro retained the county seat and a three-story brick courthouse was completed in 1868 for $35,000. The town of Montana continued to grow and expand changed its name to Boone and incorporated what had been Boonesboro in 1892. The present courthouse was completed in 1917 for $250,000. The Renaissance Revival building features marble walls and terrazzo floors.</p><br>
<p>The Calhoun County Courthouse, located in Rockwell City, Iowa, United States, was built in 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth structure to house court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Calhoun County was established 1855 and Lake City was chosen as the county seat the following year. The county seat moved to Rockwell City in 1877 and a new courthouse built for just over $2,000. It was destroyed by fire in 1884. The county rented a hotel and a building in town for $1 a day to house offices and functions. Officials built another courthouse in 1886 which they sold to a Catholic church when offices moved into the current courthouse in 1914. The Classical Revival structure was built for $116,200. The building is clad in limestone and the roof is composed of clay tiles.</p><br>
<p>The Hangatahua River, alternatively known as the Stony River, is a river of the Taranaki Region of New Zealand. It is one of the larger of the numerous rivers and streams which drain the slopes of Mount Taranaki, receiving water from streams covering most of the northwest sector of the mountain. In addition it drains the southern flank of the Pouakai complex and the alpine Ahukawakawa Swamp.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s upper reaches lie within Egmont National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Hangatahua River forms the boundary between New Plymouth District and South Taranaki District.</p><br>
<p>The river was considered Taranakis best trout fishery until severe erosion and land instability in the rivers headwaters since 1997 caused high sediment loads.</p><br>
<p>The Clay County Courthouse, located in Spencer, Iowa, United States, was built in 1901. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as a part of the County Courthouses in Iowa Thematic Resource. The courthouse is the fourth building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A commission chose Spencer Township as Clay County’s first county seat. Voters chose Peterson instead and allocated $6,000 for a courthouse. When the contractor submitted a bill for $7,500 he received $6,900. In 1871, the county seat moved to Spencer and officials constructed a courthouse for $1,333. The offices gradually outgrew the structure and they constructed a new courthouse for $4,435. The old courthouse was used for a barn, a cement block factory and then remodeled into two houses. Construction of the present facility began in 1900 the total cost was $60,000. The red stone Classical Revival building features a bronze covered dome.</p><br>
<p>The Jonesborough Historic District is a historic district in Jonesborough, Tennessee, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Jonesboro Historic District  in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Staff of the Tennessee Historical Commission surveyed 158 buildings in the town in 1969 and found 72 worth preservation. The district includes Queen Anne architecture, Greek Revival architecture, and Federal architecture among its 72 contributing buildings over a 120 acre area.</p><br>
<p>Some contributing buildings include the Jonesborough United Methodist Church, which was built in 1847 and renovated in 1945 and 1959; the Washington County Courthouse, built in 1913 on the site of the first courthouse of the county; and the Chester Inn, which was first built c. 1797.</p><br>
<p>The district is an irregularly shaped area, roughly bounded by College Street on the north, the junction of Main Street and Franklin Avenue on the east, Depot Street on the south, and 3rd Avenue on the west.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles</h2><br>
<p>There are very few examples of the pure classical style in Jonesborough. However, buildings in the district can be divided into at least six different primary styles, although they all exhibit characteristics of one or more secondary styles. Examples include the following.</p><br>
<h3>Federal</h3><br>
<p>Some of the oldest buildings in Jonesborough are built in the Federal style. The form of this period is basically Georgian, often with crow-stepped gables (also known as corbie steps). Most of the brick work is Flemish bond.</p><br>
<h3>Greek Revival</h3><br>
<p>Corbie steps also appear in Jonesborough Greek revival buildings. Most of the porches on Greek Revival homes appear to have been added long after the buildings were constructed.</p><br>
<h3>Victorian Period</h3><br>
<p>This period includes styles of Italianate, Gothic Revival, and Queen Anne. This style did not come to Jonesborough until around the Civil War. The Italianate style is very common, especially shown in porches.</p><br>
<h3>Post Victorian/Neoclassical Period/Classical Revival</h3><br>
<h3>Bungalow</h3><br>
<h3>Minimal Traditional</h3><br>
<h3>Other Architectural Styles</h3><br>
<p>The Hood County Courthouse Historic District in Granbury, Hood County, Texas encompasses 12 acres of land and 12 contributing properties. The principal building in and the focal point of the district is the historic Hood County Courthouse built in 1890-1891. Other major buildings include the 1885 Hood County Jailhouse, the 1885 First National Bank Building, the 1891 building which now houses the Hood County News, the 1893 Aston-Landers Saloon Building, the 1893 Nutt Brothers Building and the 1886 Granbury Opea House.</p><br>
<p>On June 5, 1974, the district was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The nomination form called it "one of the most complete nineteenth century courthouse squares in Texas."</p><br>
<h2>Hood County Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The historic Hood County Courthouse is located in the block bounded by East Bridge Street on the north, North Crockett Street on the east, East Pearl Street on the south and North Houston Street on the west and has an entrance on each side except the north one. It is the fifth courthouse building to occupy this site and was built of Brazos limestone by contractors Moodie and Ellis between 1890 and 1891. It was designed in the Second Empire style by noted Texas courthouse architect Wesley Clark Dodson of Waco (1829-1914). The building features 3 main stories plus an attic floor under an elaborate mansard roof system. The imposing 3-story central clock tower completed after the rest of the building required reinforcement in 1969. In 2000 the exterior of the building was restored. In 2008 a grant was received to restore the interior including restoring the district courtroom to its original 2-story configuration.</p><br>
<p>Nellie Gray Robertson, first female county attorney in Texas, was elected to the post for Hood County in 1918, and practiced in the courthouse building.</p><br>
<p>The J. P. McKee Lustron House is a historic enameled steel prefabricated house in Jackson, Alabama. Designed and constructed by the Lustron Corporation, this example is one of two in Jackson. The other, the Doit W. McClellan Lustron House, is just around the corner from the McKee Lustron.</p><br>
<p>Lustron houses were only produced during a two-year period, with 2,495 known to have been made. Only roughly 2,000 of these are still in existence. Many of those that do remain have been altered significantly. Twenty Lustron houses are known to have been ordered in Alabama, although it is not clear if twenty were erected. Only eleven remained in 2000. Architectural historians with the Alabama Historical Commission believe that the two in Jackson may have been the first erected in the state.</p><br>
<p>The house forms part of the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Lustron Houses in Alabama MPS. It was placed on the National Register on February 24, 2000, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Both of the Lustron houses in Jackson were erected in 1949 by a local Lustron dealer, J. P. McKee of McKee Construction Company. An open house for both Lustrons was held beginning on April 16, 1949. As of 2000, the exteriors of both houses were in near&ndash;to&ndash;original condition. Both were being utilized as rental properties.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The J. P. McKee Lustron House is an example of Lustrons "Westchester" 2-bedroom model. It retains the original enameled steel roof, wall panels, and "zig-zag" support column. Lustron houses came in four exterior colors, the McKee Lustron is in the companys "Desert Tan" color.</p><br>
<p>The Doit W. McClellan Lustron House is a historic enameled steel prefabricated house in Jackson, Alabama. Designed and constructed by the Lustron Corporation, this example is one of two in Jackson. The other, the J. P. McKee Lustron House, is just around the corner from the McClellan Lustron.</p><br>
<p>Lustron houses were only produced during a two-year period, with 2,495 known to have been made. Only roughly 2,000 of these are still in existence. Many of those that do remain have been altered significantly. Twenty Lustron houses are known to have been ordered in Alabama, although it is not clear if twenty were erected. Only eleven remained in 2000. Architectural historians with the Alabama Historical Commission believe that the two in Jackson may have been the first erected in the state.</p><br>
<p>The house forms part of the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Lustron Houses in Alabama MPS. It was placed on the National Register on February 24, 2000, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Both of the Lustron houses in Jackson were erected in 1949 by a local Lustron dealer, J. P. McKee of McKee Construction Company. An open house for both Lustrons was held beginning on April 16, 1949. As of 2000, the exteriors of both houses were in near&ndash;to&ndash;original condition. Both were being utilized as rental properties.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The J. P. McKee Lustron House is an example of Lustrons "Westchester" 2-bedroom model. It retains the original enameled steel roof, wall panels, and "zig-zag" support column. Lustron houses came in four exterior colors, the McClellan Lustron is in the companys "Dove Gray" color. The panels have since been painted over and changed to white.</p><br>
<p>The Isaac Nettles Gravestones are three unusual headstones in the Mount Nebo Baptist Church Cemetery near Carlton in rural Clarke County, Alabama. Surveyed for the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Clarke County Multiple Property Submission, they were added to the Register on February 24, 2000.</p><br>
<p>Mount Nebo Baptist Church, a traditionally African American Baptist church, was established in the 19th century. The three Nettles markers are made of concrete and feature death masks, presumed by scholars to be of the people whose graves they mark. They are attributed to Isaac "Ike" Nettles, a local man who created them between 1933 and 1946. When surveyed in 2000 the markers had not weathered well, with only the most ornate one, with three individual masks on one marker, in good condition.</p><br>
<p>The Victoria Clock Tower, also known as the Diamond Jubilee Clock Tower, is a heritage-registered clock tower located in Christchurch, New Zealand. Designed by Benjamin Mountfort, it is registered as a "Historic Place – Category I" by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Mountfort designed the clock tower in ca 1858, to be placed on top of the first (wooden) section of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings. The iron tower and clock was constructed in Coventry and arrived in December 1860 in 147 boxes, but it was determined that the building structure would be unable to support the tower&#39;s weight. The iron tower, meanwhile, stood for several years in the courtyard of the Provincial Council Buildings.</p><br>
<p>With the abolition of Provincial Government in New Zealand in 1876, the clock tower became the property of the Crown, but it was transferred to Christchurch City Council.</p><br>
<h3>High / Manchester intersection</h3><br>
<p>After being stored for 30 years in a council yard in Worcester Street, it was decided that the tower would be used as part of a monument to Queen Victoria&#39;s Diamond Jubilee. A competition for a stone tower was held and won by the local architecture firm of Strouts and Ballantyne. The clock was returned to the United Kingdom for renovation, and the addition of chimes. In 1897 it was erected on a stone base at the intersection of Manchester Street, Lichfield Streets and High Streets and remained there until 1930 when it was removed due to it being deemed a traffic hazard and impediment. The Hamilton Borough Council unsuccessfully tried to buy the clock tower at this point.</p><br>
<h3>Montreal / Victoria intersection</h3><br>
<p>It was relocated that year to its current location on a reserve at the intersection of Victoria and Montreal Streets and the clock was replaced.</p><br>
<p>Restoration work was carried out in 1930 as part of the relocation. Further restoration was carried out as a community project, financed by local businesses, in 1978. More substantial renovation was carried out in 2003–2004, including earthquake strengthening. The middle section of the tower was braced with steel, and rods were inserted into the stonework. The renovation budget was NZ$295,000.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>On 2 April 1985, the clock tower was registered as a Category I heritage item, with the registration number being 3670. The tower is significant, as it is a landmark in Christchurch, and it was part of Mountforts original design for the Provincial Council Buildings. The tower is further a remarkable example of High Victorian ironwork, and its use as a monument to Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee are an indication of the colonial ties between New Zealand and Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Earthquake damage</h2><br>
<p>The clock tower was seriously damaged in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, with the time (12:51) stopped on the clock&#39;s face. Repairs in excess of NZ$700,000 were agreed to by Christchurch City Councillors in July 2012, with most of the cost to be reimbursed by insurance. Stones in the buttress columns and arches were loose or dislodged, and the finial spike needed to be repaired. The clock itself needed to be restored, but it was considered to leave one of the clock faces at 12:51 as a reminder of the earthquake.</p><br>
<p>Christchurch City Council began restoration work on the historic clock tower, corner of Montreal and Victoria Streets, in March 2013. On 22 October 2013, Christchurch Mayor Lianne Dalziel officially unveiled the newly restored Central City landmark, Jubilee Clock Tower, and placed a time capsule on the site for future generations to discover.</p><br>
<p>The careful restoration has included deconstructing each of the tower legs and the construction of a new internal reinforced concrete structure to strengthen them. The existing foundations were strengthened. The original stone was cut and used as a veneer in the same place it used to be on the clocktower. The clocktower’s spire was straightened, strengthened and reinstated.</p><br>
<p>Work was also undertaken to divert the artesian well that was found under the clocktower away from Montreal Street. The original clock mechanism was also carefully serviced while restoration of the clocktower was underway.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is a hill in Pemulwuy, New South Wales about 30 kilometres west of central Sydney. It is higher than the ridges of the Cumberland Plain around it and has steeper slopes. Its present-day highest point is 117 metres high, although before its summit was quarried away it rose to a height of 131 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is a “nodal point” of the Cumberland Plain. Its summit affords a “goodly prospect” west to the Blue Mountains and east to the man-made landmarks of central Sydney. People have walked round and over Prospect Hill for 30,000 years and have recognised it as a landmark, a meeting place and a boundary. It was known to local people as Mar-rong or Mur-rong in 1790.</p><br>
<p>For today&#39;s Australians it has historic significance, aesthetic values and commercial values. There are extensive industrial and housing developments on its slopes. The hill has a number of summits, with Marrong Reserve being the most popular for visitors.</p><br>
<p>The hill has historical significance as one of the first places in the fledgling colony of New South Wales where liberated convicts were granted land to farm. Furthermore, the settlement on Prospect Hill were a focus of significant ambivalence between the indigenous people and the white settlers throughout the 1790s. For over 180 years quarrying of the volcanic rocks for roadstone and other building materials has been an important activity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of Prospect Hill by a colonist is that of Captain-Lieutenant Watkin Tench and his party on 26 June 1789. While there is no documentary evidence of Tench having named Prospect Hill, there is no doubt that it is in fact the hill that was shortly afterwards known by that name. In view of Tenchs literary allusions to Miltons Paradise Lost, it seems highly probable that the experience of climbing it reminded him of the "goodly prospect of some forein land first-seen" by Milton&#39;s scout and that it was indeed Tench who first named it.</p><br>
<p>Statements that Prospect Hill is the hill named Belle-Vue by Governor Arthur Phillip on its ascent by his expedition in April 1788 are unsubstantiated in contemporary record. The earliest written reference to the name Prospect Hill is probably the account of an after-dinner walk from Parramatta to the hill by Governor Phillip and Lieutenant (later Governor) Philip Gidley King in April 1790. King&#39;s account shows that the name Prospect Hill had become established by then.</p><br>
<h3>Convicts</h3><br>
<p>In 1791 Governor Phillip started granting plots of land (mostly 30 to 70 acres) to emancipated convicts. Some convicts had spent years in prison and prison ships in England before being transported. Some of those who were under seven-year sentences had therefore completed them. Thirteen grants of land at Prospect Hill were made in July 1791, ranging from 30 to 70 acres. In 1799 Ensign William Cummings of the New South Wales Corps was granted 75 acres at Prospect Hill.Ryan, R.J., Land grants</p><br>
<p>1788–1809, Sydney, 1981.</p><br>
<h3>Land usage</h3><br>
<p>A change in the interpretation of government policy in 1792 had opened the way for grants of land to officers of the New South Wales Marine Corps. Cummings was the first beneficiary of this change. In 1808 William Lawson was granted 550 acres on the western slopes of the west ridge where he was to build his home Veteran Hall. He then bought Cummings&#39; grant and it was here that his third son, Nelson Lawson built a magnificent home, Grey Stanes, on the crown of Prospect Hill.</p><br>
<p>Early grazing practices cleared the entire hill of trees. Quarrying in the area began in the 1820s and naturalist Charles Darwin visited Prospect Hill in January 1836, to observe the geology. By the latter part of the nineteenth century coarse-grained picrite, and other doloritic rock types were being extracted from William Lawsons estate on the west and north sides of the Hill. Veteran Hall and its land were resumed when Prospect Reservoir was built as Sydneys main water supply in the 1880s.</p><br>
<h3>Aboriginal and European conflict</h3><br>
<p>The aboriginal leader Pemulwuy was active in this area. This ended in violent attacks in February 1798 in which dozens of settlers were killed. Retaliation by Europeans was generally fast and austere with many aboriginals killed who had not been involved in the attacks on Europeans. Eventually, a reconciliation was started by the Aboriginal people, negotiated by their women and one of the Prospect Hill settlers, John Kennedy.</p><br>
<p>The remaining clans who survived the first epidemics and dispossession came together in new groups with names like Prospect Tribe and South Creek Tribe, which persisted until the early 1840s. On 3 May 1805 Rev. Samuel Marsden of Parramatta met with aboriginal representatives at Prospect Hill and, though he was reported to have been firm and adamant in laying down the conditions for a peaceful settlement, such a settlement was in fact achieved.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>The Greystanes estate was eventually bought by quarrying interests. Prospect Hill was for many years the primary source of road-stone for the city&#39;s expanding infrastructure until the reserves of dolerite were exhausted. The land inside the oval-shaped ridge was levelled from 2008 to 2010 and is rapidly filling with large industrial buildings. The gap in the ridge that had previously been created by quarrying has been lowered to the floor level of the quarry and the drainage of the area reversed from its earlier northward flow to empty into Prospect Creek, while a new road, Reconciliation Road, has been driven through the centre of the hill from Prospect Highway and across the gap to Wetherill Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rain that falls on its southern slopes flows into Prospect Creek and then via the Georges River into Botany Bay. The northern slopes drain into Girraween Creek and eventually into the Parramatta River and Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour). Close by to the west is Prospect Reservoir and beyond it, Eastern Creek flows north-west into the Nepean-Hawkesbury River, the mighty river that encircles Sydney forming the boundary of the Cumberland Plain and eventually flowing into the sea at Broken Bay.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Prospect Hill is a roughly oval-shaped ridge, a bit like a caldera. The Hill, which is the largest assemblage of igneous rock in Sydney, was made many millions of years ago when volcanic material from the Earths core was thrust upwards and then sideways into joints in the layers of shales of the Cumberland Plain. It cooled into a thick disc of material and its heat changed the nature of the surrounding rock to produce a variety of minerals, predominantly coarse grained picrite with olivine-dolerite and dolerite. It didnt quite reach the surface but pushed the surface rocks upwards to form a dome. Erosion then undermined the main mass of volcanic material and caused it to fall in on itself and create a shallow dish-shaped formation. This is referred to as a doleritic laccolith.</p><br>
<p>In a normal laccolith the intruded material has a flat lower surface and a convex upper surface so that it is more like half a lens in shape. However, because of the collapse of the volcanic material combined with subsequent surface erosion, the Prospect Hill laccolith had a concave upper surface until modern times, when quarrying altered its shape. This has given rise to its description as "caldera-like" although it is not a true caldera, and explains why the Hill, although a laccolith (which is normally dome-shaped), is in fact dish-shaped. Thus Prospect Hill is neither a volcanic crater nor a caldera, since no volcanic material reached the surface of the earth. In a caldera, the collapse of the roof occurs during the volcanic period and is normally a much more explosive event.</p><br>
<p>The next stage of natural development, which has lasted over 60 million years, has been the slow erosion of the overlying layers of sedimentary rock by the flow of rainwater, which eventually laid bare the edges of the volcanic and metamorphic rocks of the intrusion.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>Pemulwuy Lookout or Prospect Hill Main Summit: Situated in Butu Wargun Drive, it is one of the main attractions and now the highest point of Prospect Hill having an elevation of 117 metres. The summit area contains a recreational lookout area that features panoramic eastward views of the Sydney CBD, walking tracks, public seating and native plants. A larger area stretching southwards is designated as Marrong Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Lookout: The most northerly summit of Prospect Hill is 400 metres northwards from Greystanes Hill. It is clearly visible from the junction of Blacktown Road and the Great Western Highway, was a popular picnic spot in the 1920s. It is 112 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Reservoir Hill: This hill faces Prospect Reservoir. It used to contain picnic spots (George Maunder Lookout), which are now inaccessible for the public.</p><br>
<p>One-Tree Hill: This hill has a prominent tree, a fig tree dated to be over 150 years old as it was close to Grey Stanes, the house of Nelson Lawson. Although inaccessible to the public, the hill can be easily viewed.</p><br>
<p>Water Tower Hill: The second highest summit of Prospect Hill. It contains two water towers. It is also inaccessible for the public.</p><br>
<p>The South Top: Long, steep and around 100m above sea level, this hill has the Prospect quarry on its southern edge.</p><br>
<p>The Geisingberg is a striking basalt mountain in the eastern Ore Mountains in the German federal state of Saxony.</p><br>
<h2>Location and surrounding area</h2><br>
<p>The Geisingberg lies in the upper Eastern Ore Mountains between the mining town of Altenberg and the village of Geising. On its northern and western slopes runs the track of the Müglitz Valley Railway. With a maximum incline here of 1:27 (37 per mil) it is one of the steepest working railway lines in Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Walking routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The easiest ascent runs from Altenberg along the road to the summit.</p><br>
<p>Other walks being in Geising and Bärenstein.</p><br>
<p>The Eisenach–Budapest international mountain path runs over the Geisingberg.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sonfon, also known as Lake Confon, is a fresh water mountain lake in Diang, Sierra Leone of religious and cultural significance. The nearest towns are Kabala that is 60 km to the north and Benugu that is 40 km to the south. It is located in the hills of the Sula Mountains at an altitude of 549 m above sea level. Sonfon drains from its southern end, which forms the start of the Pampana River, and is fed by seven small streams with its water level varying considerably during the year.</p><br>
<p>Gold deposits are found in the rocks of Lake Sonfon and in alluvial deposits in the area. Only the alluvial deposits are being worked employing 15,000 miners around the Lake. This mining is causing the level of water in the lake to decrease.</p><br>
<p>Although the Sonfon is not well surveyed 105 species of birds have been identified at the lake including the iris glossy-starling, the Dybowskis twinspot, the splendid sunbird, the red-faced pytilia and the pied-winged swallow. Animals that live at the lake include endangered pygmy hippopotamus, black duikers and Maxwells duikers. In the dry season the lake is completely covered with vegetation. The hill environment around the lake consist of forests, wooded savanah, grassland and farmbush. The Lake is a key conservation area and a proposed protected area but as of 2011 there is no protection in place.</p><br>
<p>Lake Sonfon is considered sacred in traditional belief with local people carrying out cultural ceremonies along its shore. Offerings, including rice and food, are floated into the lake on calabashes.</p><br>
<p>Aspen City Hall, known in the past as Armory Hall, Fraternal Hall, is located at the intersection of South Galena Street and East Hopkins Avenue in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a brick building dating to the 1890s. In 1975 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built to serve both as headquarters for the local militia and as a community gathering place. It served a variety of community-related functions, eventually becoming city hall in the mid-20th century. Later in the century, as the city grew again into an affluent resort community, it had to move some of its departments to other office space and renovate the city hall extensively, particularly inside.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the northeast corner of the intersection, opposite the Hyman–Brand Building, also listed on the Register. The intersection is one block south of Main Street (State Highway 82) and another listed property, the Pitkin County Courthouse. The terrain is level and the surrounding neighborhood heavily developed and urban, with mostly commercial buildings of one or two stories. They are an even mix of buildings from the same era as the armory and sympathetic contemporary structures, mostly of brick. An unnamed alley to the north allows passage through the middle of the block to South Hunter Street. Tall mature trees screen the building from the streets and alley.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-and-a-half-story rectangular 91 by four-by-five-bay structure of red brick in common bond on a stone foundation. The 14-inch-thick (14 in) walls have multiple layers of brick and load-bearing piers. It is topped by a shingled gambrel roof, with three symmetrically-spaced hipped gables on the south pitch and two asymmetrical ones on the north. The top pitches are very shallow, sloped only as much as necessary to let water run off and hidden from view by a parapet with stepped brickwork. It slopes down to broad overhanging bracketed eaves on the south side and close ones on the north.</p><br>
<p>On the west (front) facade, fenestration consists of one-over-one double-hung sash windows on the first story, with the centrally located main entrance recessed. The stories above have slight segmental arched windows. Brick pilasters, echoed by similar quoins at the corners, rise to the roofline, where corbels support a cornice below a parapet along the flat section. On the north and south sides are four double segmental arch windows, similar to those on the upper stories, separated by brick pilasters. The interior has been extensively renovated since construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in three months in 1892, near the end of the Colorado Silver Boom, at a cost of $15,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). At that time Aspen was a fast-growing mining town that had not existed 15 years earlier. It was intended to be both a staging area for the local militia and a community meeting place. Hence its original names of Armory Hall and Fraternal Hall.</p><br>
<p>As Aspen&#39;s population dwindled after the boom in the early decades of the 20th century, it continued to serve various community-related functions such as dances and concerts, and was at one point a roller rink. These helped it escape the neglect and demolition which plagued many other buildings from the boom era. In 1956 it became city hall, following the demolition of the old building on Durant Avenue, and has served that function ever since.</p><br>
<p>At some point before 1975 three of the five bays on the south side were filled in.</p><br>
<p>The Lawrence Rocks are a group of two rocky islets, 6.8 ha and 1.5 ha in area, with an associated reef, 2.4 km south-east of Point Danger in western Victoria, Australia, and about 6 km south-east of the city of Portland.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the group is formed from the remnants of an extinct volcano, with the islets composed of basalt and tuff.</p><br>
<p>The islets were sighted by Lieutenant James Grant on 5 December 1800 from the survey brig HMS Lady Nelson and named</p><br>
<p>for Captain Effingham Lawrence,</p><br>
<p>one of the Elder Brethren of Trinity House.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The rocks are protected as a nature reserve and are the site of a breeding colony of Australasian gannets, the overspill from which led to the establishment of a sister colony at Point Danger. The group has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA), because it supports over 10% of the world population of Australasian gannets, being used by over 6000 birds. Other birds recorded on the rocks, and likely to breed there, include little penguins, black-faced cormorants, crested terns, silver gulls, sooty oystercatchers and small numbers of Cape gannets. The rocks are also used as a haul-out site by Australian fur seals.</p><br>
<p>The Newdigate-Reed House is a two-story log house built by the Newdigate family at the top of the hill near the Lexington-Maysville Turnpike. Situated at the top of a steep hill leading out of Maysville, the house served as a convenient rest stop for merchants and wagon masters hauling goods from the docks at Maysville to points south.</p><br>
<p>Siding was applied to the log structure in the 1930s. The structure is asymmetrical with four windows on the upper story left side, one on the right side, and one to the right of the first floor entrance. The doorway with a one-story portico is slightly off-center. Stone chimneys on either end of the house are original.</p><br>
<p>The building was purchased by the Bierbower family in the late 19th century and sold to Stanley Forman Reed in 1910, Reed having just completed his law studies at a number of Universities including Yale University, the University of Virginia, Columbia University and the University of Paris.</p><br>
<p>The future supreme court justice began the practice of law in Maysville in 1910 with the law firm of Worthington, Browning and Reed. Reed served as a Kentucky state representative between 1912 and 1916, sponsoring child labor and workman&#39;s compensation bills that were enacted in the face of significant opposition.</p><br>
<p>Although a Democrat, Reed was appointed by President Herbert Hoover to serve as general counsel of the Federal Farm Board in 1929. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Reed Solicitor General of the United States to defend the New Deal laws whose constitutionality had been challenged. Reed was successful in doing so. In 1938, Reed was nominated to fill the USA Supreme Court vacancy caused by the retirement of Justice George Sutherland. Reed was widely considered the best lawyer in government service and his nomination was unanimously confirmed by the Senate.</p><br>
<p>Skeleton Waterholes Creek is a waterway in the outer western and outer south-western regions of Melbourne, Victoria. The creek originates near Mount Cottrell, to the south of Rockbank, and passes through rural land until it reaches the suburban areas of Tarneit, Truganina, Hoppers Crossing, Altona Meadows and Point Cook before it flows into Port Phillip Bay after the Cheetham Wetlands. The creek has important local Aboriginal spiritual significance and parts of the creek are popular sites for recreation.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental condition</h2><br>
<p>It has been classed as being in "moderate condition" by Melbourne Water, but it is becoming increasingly urbanised as new developments extend across the catchment from Hoppers Crossing and surrounding areas. This new development poses a major risk to the health of the river as does the poor quality of both the creek&#39;s water and streamside vegetation along significant parts of the waterway.</p><br>
<p>The Cheetham Wetlands, a significant site for migratory birds, is located at the mouth of the creek.</p><br>
<p>Burton Pynsent House is a historic country-house in Britain, situated in the parish of Curry Rivel, Somerset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building. The house was built in stages between 1565 and 1765, when it was bequeathed to William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham by William Pynsent, who did not want the house to go to Lord North. Pitt had an additional wing built to a design by Lancelot Brown, and the subsequent owner demolished everything but this wing in 1805.</p><br>
<p>The house was extended around this wing in the 20th century, overlooking the 98 hectare of formal gardens and parkland. To the north west of the house is Burton Pynsent Monument, a 140 ft column with an urn finial, built to commemorate Pynsent&#39;s generosity to Pitt.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house at Burton Pynsent was built section by section over the period of many years. Construction was commenced by Marmaduke Jennings in approximately 1565 and was continued by the Jennings family throughout the 17th century. In 1679 the house passed to Sir William Pynsent, who had married into the family. Pynsent&#39;s son bequeathed the house to his political idol, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, despite never meeting him. His intention was to disinherit Lord North, a relative of his wife, who had supported a tax on Somerset cider which Pynsent disagreed with, and which Pitt had blocked. Pynsent died in 1765 and his relatives were unhappy at being left just 1,000 guineas each, and so unsuccessfully contested the will over the following six years.</p><br>
<p>Pitt immediately commissioned Lancelot Brown to design a monument in memory of Pynsent&#39;s generosity, built by Philip Pear at a cost of £2,000. Brown also advised on the landscaping of the parkland and possibly designed the wing that Pitt built on the eastern end of the house. Despite complaints from the Pynsent family, Pitt started landscaping the gardens and other works in 1766.</p><br>
<p>Pitt sold part of the estate to help repurchase his seat at Hayes Place, Kent, but still resided at Burton Pynsent for periods until his death in 1778. His widow remained at the estate until her death in 1803. The estate was split up and sold in 1805, to pay for John Pitt&#39;s gambling debts, with the house and park being purchased for £8,810. The new owner, Colonel Pinney, demolished the majority of the house - keeping the 18th century wing. The house passed through a number of hands during the 19th century, before being purchased by a relation of Harold Peto, Mrs Crossley. The house remained in the hands of the Crossley family for the majority of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The grounds were laid out in the mid 18th century by Pitt and Lancelot Brown; and they include early-20th-century formal gardens designed by Peto. The formal gardens are listed, Grade II, on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The house is built on a flat terrace near the south west of corner of the estate. The two storey building is constructed of brick in a classical style, dressed with ham stone features and a hipped tile roof. The garden frontage of the house is symmetrical with a pediment at the centre above a cupola. It includes a porched door with some semi-circular stone steps toward the garden. The entrance facade is asymmetrical, with a tall arcaded entrance projecting out from the house on the south-west corner.</p><br>
<p>The western facade of the house was altered during the 20th century to compensate for the demolition of large parts of the house in 1805. The house is now largely built around the wing that had been built for William Pitt. The house was designated Grade II* listed status on 1 June 1984. In 2001 the house was put up for rent for £36,000, described as having seven bedrooms, four bathrooms and half a dozen reception rooms and offices.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>Burton Pynsent House is set in 98 hectare, comprising 1 hectare of formal gardens and pleasure grounds, the remaining area is parkland. It is bounded to the north by the Burton Dairy Farm and to the south by the A378. The parkland and planted woods merge into to other woods at the boundaries, Swell Wood at the south-west and Stoneley Copse in the north-east.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to Burton Pynsent House is between a pair of 18th century brick square brick columns, decorated with ham stone, flanked by walls. The drive is 190 m long, with a spur off leading to the houses home farm and kitchen garden. The houses formal gardens are found to the south, west and east of the house, with informal pleasure grounds to the north-west.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The entrance to the house faces an area of lawn and ornamental shrubbery. To the south east is a pathway to a pergola, in front of a terrace garden, with a paved walkway through topiary. The walkway leads to a flower garden and beyond to a lawn surrounded by yew hedges with an apse at one end. At the other end of the pergola is a walkway flanked by lime trees.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the house there is a further terrace, surrounded by balustrades with views towards the Pynsent Column. There are flagstone walkways leading to panels of lawn, interspaced with topiary spheres. The walkway leads to an area of ornamental shrubs and a woodland garden.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>Towards the east and north-east of the house there is parkland, the majority of which has been turned over to agricultural use, grazing to the north-east and planting to the east. sits 700 m to the north east of the house, at the top of Troy Hill. It was designed in the 18th century by Capability Brown for William Pitt. The column is built of blue lias and is of Roman Doric style, with a square base and a square podium. At the top of the column is a cupola with an urn finial. The monument was restored in the 1990s by the John Paul Getty Trust and English Heritage.</p><br>
<p>Maboko Island is a small island lying in the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, in Nyanza Province of western Kenya. It is about 1.8 km long by 1 km wide. It is an important Middle Miocene paleontological site with fossiliferous deposits that were discovered in the 1930s. The age of the deposits is estimated to be, and they are especially important for the abundance of primate fossils they contain.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Miocene fossils in the fluvial deposits of Maboko was first discovered by Archdeacon W.E. Owen in 1933, who started an excavation later that year which yielded a lot of vertebrate fossils. Owen&#39;s excavations continued the following two years supervised by Donald Gordon MacInnes. Then few expeditions visited the island before MacInnes returned together with Louis Leakey in 1947. These excavations resulted in a large number of craniodental (crania and teeth) remains of a medium seized cercopithecoid monkey and cranial and postcranial remains of a large anthropoid ape — later to become the holotypes Victoriapithecus macinnesi and Sivapithecus africanus.</p><br>
<p>Leakey and D.M.S. Watson returned to Maboko in 1949 to collect a large amount of specimen, including an isolated molar later attributed to Limnopithecus legetet. Leakey returned again in 1951 and found fossils of new holotypes: Victoriapithecus leakeyi, Mabokopithecus clarki, and Nyanzapithecus pickfordi.</p><br>
<p>An expedition in 1973 led by D.R. Pilbeam resulted in over 80 primate specimen. Most of them could be attributed to Victoriapithecus but some were assigned to new species. In 1982 and 1983, Martin Pickford searched the deposit dumps left by Owen in 1933 and by Leakey in 1949 and unveiled over 500 isolated specimen of at least five antropoid primates, later assigned to Kenyapithecus africanus. Mabokopithecus clarki, Micropithecus, Victoriapithecus macinnesi, and Nyanzapithecus pickfordi.</p><br>
<p>Other fossils collected on Maboko includes:</p><br>
<p>Mammals</p><br>
<p>Mole rat: Bathyergidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Hedgehog: Erinaceidae</p><br>
<p>Hyrax: Megalohyrax</p><br>
<p>Chalicothere: Chalicotheriidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Giraffe: Palaeotragus</p><br>
<p>Antelope: Eotragus</p><br>
<p>Gazelle: Gazella</p><br>
<p>Reptiles</p><br>
<p>Crocodile: Crocodylus</p><br>
<p>Heron: Ardeidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Bird: Otididae indet.</p><br>
<p>Crane: Gruidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Stone-curlew: Burhinidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Sideneck turtle: Pelusios</p><br>
<p>Softshell turtle: Trionyx</p><br>
<p>Other:</p><br>
<p>Land snail: Urocyclidae indet.</p><br>
<p>Milford, also known as the Relfe-Grice-Sawyer House, is the oldest two-story brick home located near Camden, Camden County, North Carolina, United States.</p><br>
<p>Its 1746 construction date is carved on a brick on the interior face of the north chimney & was confirmed by dendrochronology test in the 1990s. The formal two-story brick gabled structure, two bays deep and three bays wide, has interior end chimneys terminating in molded caps.</p><br>
<p>The brickwork is of Flemish bond with glazed headers, featuring three-course stringers of Flemish bond between the first and second stories and at the base of the gables. The use of one-to-three common bond in the brick of the south gable represents the earliest known example of this type of bonding in North Carolina. The north gable probably corresponds, but the entire north side is now concealed by stucco. Tumbling of the brick occurs along the rakes of the south gable. Tumbled bricks are usually placed at right angles to the gable slope, and the vertical placement of these bricks is, according to Thomas Waterman in The Early Architecture of North Carolina, found in only one other structure, the Wallop house in Accomack County, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The west facade formerly functioned as the principal front, but the main entrance is located now in the central bay of the east facade. The doorway as well as the windows of the first story are ornamented only by flat arches serving as lintels. The windows of the second story, set quite close to the cornice, are completely plain. The lintels are formed of rowlocks which originally surmounted the south gable windows are still visible, although the windows are now much smaller.</p><br>
<p>The great plaster cove cornices, believed by Waterman to be unique in colonial architecture south of Maryland, further enhance the monumentality of the house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Tell Sabi Abyad  is an archaeological site in the Balikh River valley in northern Syria. The site consists of four prehistoric mounds that are numbered Tell Sabi Abyad I to IV. Extensive excavations showed that these sites were inhabited already around 7500 to 5500 BC, although not always at the same time; the settlement shifted back and forth between these four sites.</p><br>
<p>The earliest pottery of Syria was discovered here; it dates at ca. 6900-6800 BC, and consists of mineral-tempered, and sometimes painted wares.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Since 1986, archaeologist Peter Akkermans has led extensive excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad I, II and III. Surveys were conducted at the fourth mound, but excavations were not possible because of its use as a local cemetery.</p><br>
<h3>Ceramics</h3><br>
<p>It was discovered that around 6700 BC, pottery was already mass-produced.</p><br>
<p>The pottery of Tell Sabi Abyad is somewhat similar to what was found in the other prehistoric sites in Syria and south-eastern Turkey; for example in Tell Halula, :tr:Akarçay Tepe Höyük, :de:Mezraa-Teleilat, and Tell Seker al-Aheimar. Yet in Sabi Abyad, the presence of painted pottery is quite unique.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists discovered what seems like the oldest painted pottery here. Remarkably, the earliest pottery was of a very high quality, and some of it was already painted. Later, the painted pottery was discontinued, and the quality declined.</p><br>
<p>Our finds at Tell Sabi Abyad show an initial brief phase in which people experimented with painted pottery. This trend did not continue, however. As far as we can see now, people then gave up painting their pottery for centuries. Instead, people concentrated on the production of undecorated, coarse wares. It was not until around 6200 BC that people began to add painted decorations again. The question of why the Neolithic inhabitants of Tell Sabi Abyad initially stopped painting their pottery is unanswered for the time being.</p><br>
<p>Pottery found at the site includes Dark Faced Burnished Ware and a Fine Ware that resembled Hassuna Ware and Samarra Ware. Bowls and jars often had angled necks and ornate geometric designs, some featuring horned animals. Only around six percent of the pottery found was produced locally.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural changes around 6200 BC</h3><br>
<p>Significant cultural changes are observed at c. 6200 BC, which seem to be connected to the 8.2 kiloyear event. Nevertheless, the settlement was not abandoned at the time.</p><br>
<p>Important change took place around 6200 BC, involving new types of architecture, including extensive storehouses and small circular buildings (tholoi); the further development of pottery in many complex and often decorated shapes and wares; the introduction of small transverse arrowheads and short-tanged points; the abundant occurrence of clay spindle whorls, suggestive of changes in textile manufacture; and the introduction of seals and sealings as indicators of property and the organization of controlled storage.</p><br>
<h3>Burnt Village</h3><br>
<p>An unusual "Burnt Village" was discovered here. It was destroyed by a violent fire ca. 6000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Numerous artefacts were recovered from the burnt buildings; they include pottery and stone vessels, figurines, and all sorts of tools. There were also many storehouses.</p><br>
<p>A sort of an archives building was found, which contained hundreds of small objects such as ceramics, stone shells and axes, bone implements, and male and female clay figurines. Particularly surprising were the over 150 clay sealings with stamp-seal impressions, as well as the small counting stones (tokens) -- indicating a very early, well-developed registration and administration system.</p><br>
<h3>Clay tokens</h3><br>
<p>The site has revealed the largest collection of clay tokens and sealings yet found at any site, with over two hundred and seventy-five, made by a minimum of sixty-one stamp seals.</p><br>
<h2>Tell Sabi Abyad I</h2><br>
<p>Tell Sabi Abyad I, the biggest of the sites, was first occupied between 5200 and 5100 BC during the Neolithic. It showed a later phase of occupation, termed "transitional" by Akkermans, between 5200 and 5100 BC, which was followed by an early Halaf period between 5100 and 5000 BC. Architecture of the 6th-millennium settlement featured multi-room rectangular buildings with round structures called tholoi that were suggested to have been used for storage.</p><br>
<p>Later remains of a massive structure called the "Fortress" were dated to the Middle Assyrian period (Late Bronze Age) between 1550 and 1250 BC. Domestic buildings were also found, suggesting that the settlement was an Assyrian border town where a garrison was stationed.</p><br>
<h3>Cuneiform tablets</h3><br>
<p>Over 400 cuneiform tablets from the late 13th and twelfth centuries BC have been discovered.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after 1180 BC, a violent conflagration is attested. Then the attempts were made to partially renovate and reconstruct the buildings. As the cuneiform texts indicate, the Assyrian administrators were still present until the end of the 12th century, although the size of the settlement declined.</p><br>
<h3>Zooarchaeology and archaeobotany</h3><br>
<p>In the Halaf period, Tell Sabi Abyad had a fully developed farming economy with animal domestication of predominantly goats, but also sheep, cattle and pigs. A small number of gazelle were also hunted, although evidence for hunting and fishing is not well attested at the site.</p><br>
<p>Trees that would have grown at the time included poplar, willow and ash.</p><br>
<p>Domesticated emmer wheat was the primary crop grown, along with domesticated einkorn, barley and flax. A low number of peas and lentils were found compared to similar sites.</p><br>
<h2>Tell Sabi Abyad II</h2><br>
<p>Tell Sabi Abyad II measured 75 m by 125 m by 4.5 m high. Artefacts found evidenced a very early occupation with calibrated dates of around 7550 and 6850 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B horizon is present; later the site shows an uninterrupted sequence from the pre-pottery to ceramic phase.</p><br>
<h2>2014 destruction because of war</h2><br>
<p>In 2014, Peter Akkermans revealed that the site has been plundered as the result of the war. Also, some storage facilities have been plundered.</p><br>
<p>The Central Makran Range is a mountain range in the Makran region, in southwestern section of Balochistan Province, in southwestern Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is one of three ranges in the mountain ranges system. The range&#39;s peaks are 2,000 - in elevation.</p><br>
<p>Mirani Dam across the Dasht River forms a reservoir in the range. are in the range with canals distributing irrigation water</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Central Makran Range is primarily made up of limestone and sandstone. It was formed when the northwestern Indian Plate collided with the Asian Plate.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent ranges</h2><br>
<p>There are three main ranges in Balochistan:</p><br>
<p>*the Makran Coastal Range (up to about 1,500 m);</p><br>
<p>*the Central Makran Range (2,000 -);</p><br>
<p>*the Siahan Range (1,000 -).</p><br>
<p>Mounsey Castle is an Iron Age irregular triangular earthwork of 1.75 hectare north west of Dulverton, Somerset, England. It has been scheduled as an ancient monument. It has been added to the Heritage at Risk register.</p><br>
<p>It is named after the Monceaux family, who were the local lords of the manor in the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>The earthwork is surrounded by the remains of coursed stone rampart which is between 1.5 m and 2 m high, For most of its circumference it is univallate however where the slope is not so steep on the eastern and southern sides there is a second rampart. The remains of a stone building can be seen within the hillfort, which is likely to have been a charcoal burners hut.</p><br>
<p>It overlooks the River Barle.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>The Highland Building is a 13-story building in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Construction on the a building was completed in 1909, with Daniel Burnham being the principal designer. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Henry Clay Frick originally commissioned the building. Following the Chicago school of architecture, the building features a granite base and terracotta exterior. Beginning around the 1960s, however, the building gradually fell into disrepair coinciding with the decline of East Liberty. Classical ornament on the roof was replaced with substandard material and water entered the basement. Over time, the interior would essentially become destroyed.</p><br>
<p>Prior to 2012, the Highland Building experienced twenty years of complete dormancy. With assistance from the state of Pennsylvania and the Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh, construction began in 2012 to restore the exterior and reconstruct the interior of the Highland Building, join it with the adjacent three-story Wallace Building, and convert the entire complex into 127 apartments. The project, now completed, is described as, "Walnut on Highland" and is mostly leased. Recently, the last of the retail space in the Wallace Building was filled by a Mexican Restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Scorhill  Stone Circle is now the commonly known name for Gidleigh Stone Circle or Steep Hill Stone Circle, one of Devons biggest and most intact stone circles, situated on Gidleigh Common near the village of Gidleigh in the north east of Dartmoor, in the United Kingdom. It is an English Heritage scheduled monument and has been described as Devons finest stone circle.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The circle was constructed in the Bronze Age. It is approximately 27 m in diameter, and the stones vary in height from 0.85 m to an impressive 2.25 m above ground. Gaps between stones vary in width between 0.6 to 0.9 m. There are currently 23 standing stones and 11 recumbent. Characteristic of others in the circle, the largest stone has a distinctive jagged point. It has been noted that, when viewed from the centre of the circle, the sun sets over the stones tip on Midsummers Eve, indicating some purpose in archaeoastronomy</p><br>
<p>Several stones show scars and marks of vandalism by stone cutters including rows of holes on many, arranged in lines so the stones could be split with a wedge. Estimates for the original number of stones have varied between 51 and approximately 70 making it among Devon&#39;s widest stone circles with the tallest remaining monolith. Although badly damaged, Scorhill has not been subject to any form of restoration giving it a distinctly ancient atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Flint artefacts from around the site on Gidleigh Moor date as far back as 8500 BC during the Mesolithic period and are now held at Torquay Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Scorhill is situated in a landscape of megalithic monuments and features in local stories about horses unwilling to pass through the circle. Some folklore links it to The Tolmen, a stone with a large, donut-shaped hole in it, overhanging a nearby stream. One story of the "faithless wives and fickle maidens" tells the tale of unfaithful women being made to wash themselves in a nearby pool, run around Scorhill three times and then pass through the Tolmen and pray in front of the stones for absolution. Unforgiven women were crushed by a stone, giving the eerie suggestion as to why so many stones have fallen.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Burl, Aubrey, The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany (Yale University Press) 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Reymer Brothers Candy Factory  in the Bluff neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was built in 1906 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style.</p><br>
<p>Reymer and Anderson was one of the first confectionaries in Pittsburgh and it boomed during the Civil War when people sent their candies to soldiers. They prospered during the last half of the nineteenth century as Phillip Reymer&#39;s sons, Jacob and Harmer, took over the business. By 1906 when the new factory was built, the Reymer family had left the business but their name lived on. In 1908 the firm claimed that it was "one of the largest confectionary houses in the world," and that it had 5,000 vendors in the Pittsburgh area.</p><br>
<p>The firm ran five teahouses in Pittsburgh. These may have contributed to perception that the firm made quality products, but were unprofitable. An uncarbonated soft drink "Lemon Blennd" accounted for 70% of their sales in 1959. The company was taken over in 1959 by a competitor, Dimling&#39;s, which went out of business in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Oxenfoord Castle is a country house in Midlothian, Scotland. It is located 1 km north of Pathhead, and 6 km south-east of Dalkeith, above the Tyne Water. Originally a 16th-century tower house, the present castle is largely the result of major rebuilding in 1782, to designs by the architect Robert Adam. Oxenfoord was the seat of the Earl of Stair from 1840, and remains in private ownership. It is protected as a category A listed building, while the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Oxenfoord were owned by the Riddel family in the 12th century. By the 16th century the MacGills owned the estate, and built the original tower house. In 1651, James MacGill was elevated to the peerage as Viscount of Oxfuird. Oxenfoord passed through the family until it was inherited by Thomas Hamilton of Fala. His daughter and heiress, Elizabeth Hamilton, married Sir John Dalrymple, 4th Baronet, in 1760, and they inherited the estate in 1779. Sir John, a lawyer, scientist and historian, published Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland (1771), and Essays on Different Natural Situations of Gardens (1774), an influential book at the time. A friend of Robert Adam, he commissioned the architect to rebuild his tower house at Oxenfoord in 1780. The L-plan tower was absorbed into the new building, in a similar manner to Adam&#39;s Culzean Castle. A new approach bridge was built around this time by Alexander Stevens, an Adam associate. The bridge is also a category A listed building.</p><br>
<p>Sir John&#39;s son, in 1840, inherited the title 8th Earl of Stair. He commissioned William Burn to remodel the castle in 1842. Since 1993, the house has reverted to private use by the Dalrymple family and has been used as a wedding venue, for private parties and for corporate events.</p><br>
<p>The Cedar Falls Ice House is an historic structure located in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1921 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1977. The building currently serves as the Ice House Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first ice house in Cedar Falls was built in 1858 near the homestead of William Sturgis, the first permanent resident of Black Hawk County. It was destroyed in a fire on October 22, 1921. Hugh Smith, who owned Cedar Falls Ice and Fuel Company, made plans for the present structure. It was completed in November 1921. The first ice harvest began on January 10, 1922. The building served as an ice house from 1922 until Smith lost his business in 1934. Cedar Falls Trust and Savings Bank took over the building. It was used as a livestock barn and later was flooded for ice skating. In 1938 the city of Cedar Falls purchased the building and leased it to the Cedar Falls Boat Club. They occupied the building until 1976 when the building was condemned. That year the Cedar Falls Historical Society decided to save the structure. After a successful fund-raising campaign the building was renovated beginning in 1978, and the Ice House Museum opened on June 24, 1979. The building was damaged in a 2008 flood.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is a true round barn structure that measures 100 feet (30.5 m) around and 30 feet (9 m) high. It is constructed of hollow clay tiles and features an aerator and a two-pitch roof. The roof is supported by a center pole and the walls of the structure. When used as an ice house it could hold between 6,000 and 8,000 tons of ice.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Street Baptist Church is a church building in downtown Waterloo, Iowa, United States. It has also been known as Faith Temple Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1908, it was designed for its triangular lot by Waterloo architect Clinton P. Shockley. Although the main exterior materials are merely brick plus stone and concrete trim, the building reflects multiple architectural influences:Thebuilding exhibits the influence of a combination of contemporary architectural styles and trends of the early 20th century including the English Arts and Crafts movement and the Chicago School with minor indications of the academic tradition of the Beaux-Arts.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Street Baptist Church congregation worshiped in the facility from its construction until 1970. The congregation was an early leader in the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. Upon relocating to a new facility and changing its name to Walnut Ridge Baptist Church, the congregation sold the downtown site to Faith Temple Baptist Church (American Baptist Churches USA).</p><br>
<p>Clinton Phillip Shockley began his architectural practice in 1906. This was an important work for him. He and Mortimer Cleveland were "by far" the most qualified architects in Iowa and were able to win contracts that would previously have gone to non-Iowa firms.</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Indian School, or Phoenix Indian High School in its later years, was a Bureau of Indian Affairs-operated school in Encanto Village, in the heart of Phoenix, Arizona. It served lower grades also from 1891 to 1935, and then served as a high school thereafter. It opened in 1891 and closed in 1990 at the orders of the federal government. During its existence, it was the only non-reservation BIA school in Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The Phoenix Indian School Historic District, a 3 acre portion of the 160 acre campus that contains some of the most historic buildings, became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1891—1931: Phoenix Indian School</h3><br>
<h4>19th century</h4><br>
<p>After a year-long search for a school site, the Indian School opened in 1891 on 160 acres of land. Up until 1931, the federal "assimilation" policy that sought to regimentalize and culturally exterminate Native American students was in place.</p><br>
<p>Physical growth was the major theme in the 1890s as the school opened. Growth in students was quick to come under superintendents Wellington Rich and Harwood Hall. By 1896 there were 380 students, in comparison to just 100 at its 1891 founding. It had twelve buildings, including a "girls building" designed by prominent local architect J.M. Creighton (built 1892) and a Victorian-style hospital (built mid-1890s). However, the focus on growing the school didn&#39;t mean that the assimilation was occurring or meeting federal expectations. Some students did learn to speak English, however there were only four academic teachers by 1897.</p><br>
<p>Vocational training was instead the emphasis: boys learned business skills and girls domestic skills. To that end, officials instituted the "outing system," which was loosely modeled after the outing program Richard Henry Pratt had instituted at Carlisle Indian Industrial School; students worked at off-campus jobs to gain experience and earn money, as well as to help assimilate them. However, unlike Carlisle, the students did not live with one particular family, but were instead cheap contract labor. Due to several incidents and the abuses that would later be critical in changing the course of PIS&#39;s history, the idea of assimilation through employment quickly went out the window at PIS as it became a way for white Phoenix employers to procure cheap Native American labor.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, another new superintendent took the role at PIS, Samuel McCowan. He continued an emphasis on increasing enrollment but also realized that academics had to improve. He diversified the student body, recruiting Mojaves and Hopis from all over the southwest. The aggressive recruitment that closed the 1890s made PIS the second largest school in the federal system, with over 700 students. Overcrowding accompanied the rapid growth, and during McCowan&#39;s tenure, he built new dormitories and employee residences.</p><br>
<h4>20th century</h4><br>
<p>A Mission Revival style auditorium was designed in 1901 and constructed the next year. As increasing enrollment made it clear to administrators that a dining hall was needed, the design modifications to turn the auditorium into one were performed in 1903 and a kitchen was built in 1904. The Dining Hall is the oldest extant building on the PIS campus.</p><br>
<p>1902 brought another new superintendent, Charles Goodman. He inherited a stable school with 56 employees (12 of which were teachers) and a 24-building campus surrounded by 240 acre of farm land. A series of major events took place in his tenure (which lasted until 1915), including a major tuberculosis outbreak, but Goodman&#39;s time as superintendent was also characterized with the first real progress in graduating students. By 1915, a total of 175 students had received diplomas from the PIS – none had done so before 1901. This was just under five percent of the student body, but it proved from a federal perspective that assimilation was finally occurring.</p><br>
<p>During this time period in PIS&#39;s history, various techniques were used to attempt better assimilation – new students were organized into military companies, given a uniform and work clothes, and marched to and from classes after starting at 5am.</p><br>
<h4>=Serving in World War I=</h4><br>
<p>John B. Brown became superintendent in 1915. Assimilation continued to make progress, reflected in Native American participation in the military. Male students were receptive to military service after being regimented at the school. In 1912, Arizona formed Company F in its state National Guard, the first all-Indian unit in the nation, composed of older PIS students and former students. Despite not being citizens, many students and alumni volunteered to fight in World War I. Within four months of President Woodrow Wilson&#39;s declaration of war on Germany in April 1917, 64 PIS students and alumni volunteered to serve in the army and navy. Upon returning from border duty near Naco, Company F became part of the 158th Infantry Regiment, Fortieth Division. Their distinguished combat helped to change attitudes in Washington about Native Americans, leading eventually to the Indian Citizenship Act being signed into law on June 2, 1924.</p><br>
<p>In direct response to this successful assimilation, the federal government authorized the construction of the Memorial Hall and War Memorial in 1922. The Mission Revival style structure was built for $50,000, and students provided much of the labor. It replaced the original auditorium – now the Dining Hall. Memorial Hall saw use for general assemblies, graduations, and theatrical productions. The War Memorial, just south, commemorated the founding of the school and the service of its students.</p><br>
<h4>=Assimilation fades=</h4><br>
<p>Though Superintendent Brown was personally committed to assimilation, the environment began to change in the 1920s. After 1915, Indian schools began to face troubles, such as overcrowding and budget cuts. Discipline problems increased, and the quality of student health care at Indian schools nationwide declined. In response to these issues, a reform movement began in the early 1920s led by John Collier.</p><br>
<p>Eventually, in 1928, The Problem of Indian Administration (the Meriam Report) was published. W. Carson Ryan&#39;s section on education criticized all "Indian" education in the United States, especially the non-reservation schools. It called for an end to assimilation.</p><br>
<p>At PIS, Superintendent Brown, a career Indian Service educator, held his ground. He sought to ameliorate the school&#39;s image by reforming the outing system, which by 1920 had become something very different. Most PIS students worked on weekends and during the summer, and most of the people sent out were non-students. Brown sought to enhance this, and in 1922, he declared that the school would be responsible for all Native American employment in Phoenix.</p><br>
<p>In 1929, assimilationist Indian Commissioner Charles H. Burke resigned under pressure from reformers. He was replaced by Charles J. Rhoads, who was committed to enacting the reforms of the Meriam Report. Rhoads and Collier began to have disputes; Collier&#39;s reformers felt that Rhoads was moving too methodically. Rhoads issued circular number 2556 in 1930 allowing some forms of punishment at Indian schools to maintain order. The disputes came to a head; Collier found the action a backwards step and challenged Rhoads by bringing information concerning brutality at PIS to the forefront.</p><br>
<p>In May 1930, the Senate Subcommittee on Indian Affairs held a meeting over the allegations. Collier argued that PIS was not just guilty of brutal treatment but of mismanagement as well. The charges were never proven, and there was never a definitive conclusion, but the hearing helped bring about changes, such as the appointment of W. Carson Ryan as Director of Indian Education in September 1930. A reorganization of the Indian Service that followed allowed Meriam Report reformers to ascend to top posts in the education bureau.</p><br>
<p>Brown remained at the PIS, but his days were quickly numbered by the damage sustained to his reputation. In April 1931, the Subcommittee held additional hearings in Arizona about conditions at PIS. Brown lost any remaining support and retired in July 1931.</p><br>
<p>At this critical juncture, the grammar school building, built in an understated Moderne style, was constructed.</p><br>
<h3>1931—1990: Phoenix Indian High School</h3><br>
<h4>New PIS era</h4><br>
<p>Carl H. Skinner succeeded John Brown as superintendent of the Phoenix Indian School in 1931. He had a doctorate in education and no experience in the Indian Service. Under Skinner and with the assistance of new Indian Bureau chief John Collier, the facility was modernized; the old guard faded away; and waste was eliminated. Two of his first changes had some of the largest impact. The military discipline was no more; students did not have to wear uniforms, and the band no longer marched students into the dining hall. As reservation day schools were built, the lower grades at PIS were discontinued. This brought the enrollment down from 950 in 1928 to 425 in 1936. From here on out the Phoenix Indian School served grades 7-12.</p><br>
<p>The 1930s PIS curriculum emphasized vocational education, such as masonry; carpentry; and painting. However, the prevailing Great Depression reduced urban employment for Native Americans. The agricultural program was expanded to help students who wished to return to the reservation.</p><br>
<h4>World War II—going mainstream</h4><br>
<p>World War II had an indelible impact at PIS. Native Americans and PIS students participated in the war effort both at home and abroad. Many Native Americans volunteered or were drafted, serving in all branches of the military in the Pacific and European theaters. Students who stayed home bought war bonds and participated in blood drives.</p><br>
<p>It was also World War II and the widespread rate of service that brought Native American illiteracy to the forefront. Some Navajo ex-servicemen went to Washington in 1946 to ask that treaty obligations over education were met. In 1947, the Special Navajo Program was created, in which Navajo children attended five years of school to receive an 8th-grade education.</p><br>
<p>The SNP led to major growth at PIS. 200 Navajo children enrolled in the first year, and more students participated every year until 1958, when the PIS had 427 Navajos and 600 regular students. By the time the SNP was closed in 1963, several thousand students had taken part.</p><br>
<p>The major growth at PIS led to overcrowding. There was a lack of space at the school, and many buildings dated back to the 1890s and were obsolete. In response, Glenn Lundeen, the school&#39;s superintendent, asked for a BIA review of the campus in 1952. A building plan was adopted, and for the next 13 years, the BIA campus was modernized. Eight new dormitories, an administration building, a materials center, five science lab classrooms, a warehouse, and nine home economics/vocational classrooms were built as part of the construction blitz at this time.</p><br>
<p>The curriculum also began to change, as between 1947 and 1965, the federal government began the "termination policy" which centered on ending federal responsibility for reservations. Emphasis was placed on integrating Native Americans into mainstream America as well as teaching Native Americans skills useful in city jobs. Girls were taught typing and cosmetology, and boys could take new math and science classes. The North Central Association, which accredits high schools, accredited the school in 1960. The school also became known as the Phoenix Indian High School. It became a member of the Arizona Interscholastic Association, the governing body for high school sports in Arizona. The earliest AIA enrollment records for the Phoenix Indian School date to 1967, when the school had 885 students.</p><br>
<p>By this time, the area bounded by Central Avenue, 7th Street, Indian School Road, and Camelback Road was home to four high schools: Catholic Brophy College Preparatory and Xavier College Preparatory, the public Central High School, and Phoenix Indian High School. In 1971, the schools served 4,600 students combined, and in 1984, they combined for a total of 5,000 students.</p><br>
<h4>To closure</h4><br>
<p>As the United States changed in the 1960s and early 1970s, the upheaval affected students at PIHS. Students regained their interest in their Native American identity, as seen in the growth of tribal clubs. At the same time, students and teachers began to question how "Indian" education emphasized some skills only useful in white culture. With the passage of the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, Native Americans could finally have more of a voice at BIA schools. The self-determination trend showed that non-reservation boarding schools were expendable. For most of the early 1970s, enrollment at PIS declined to a stable number of about 550 students, held through the mid-1980s.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, the Indian Bureau announced it would close the Indian School, but this was delayed because the Hopi and Papago tribes did not have their own high schools. By 1987, with the opening of Hopi Junior/Senior High School in Keams Canyon and Tohono O&#39;odham High School in Sells, this situation was rectified. PIS closed its doors for the last time in the spring of 1990. In its final year, the PIS had only 80 students, a far cry from the 638 it held in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The name remains on Indian School Road, an important Phoenix arterial street, and in Steele Indian School Park.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The original buildings on the Phoenix Indian School campus were built in Victorian Queen Anne style. However, the oldest remaining building, the Dining Hall, bucked this trend. Both the Dining Hall and Memorial Auditorium were constructed in Mission Revival style, in 1902 and 1922, respectively. They are the only Mission Revival buildings on the PIS campus, and no use of Mission Revival in Arizona before the Dining Halls construction has been documented. The two buildings are considered "the best... Mission Revival auditoria... in the Southwest." (They are the only Mission Revival auditoria in Arizona.) By the time the Memorial Hall had been built, most of Mission Revivals elements had been replaced by Spanish Colonial Revival details.</p><br>
<p>Its use by the federal government is also uncommon. From 1897 to 1912, all federal buildings were designed and built under the responsibility of the supervising architect for the USA Treasury Department, James Knox Taylor. During a time when the Historicist Neoclassical style was the common one for federal buildings, the Dining Hall is the only known Mission Revival federal building. A specific architect has not been identified. It was built for $7,500.</p><br>
<p>Brick was used as a primary material for the first building as well as the second. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, most buildings in this style were constructed of concrete. The use of brick at Memorial Hall shows "a complete lack of understanding" of the evolution of the style.</p><br>
<p>The building for the lower grades was modified on the interior to house the band, but it retains its 1931 Moderne exterior. In 2014, Native American Connections and the Phoenix Indian Center launched a project to renovate the building, hoping to open it to the public for the first time in 25 years.</p><br>
<h2>New park</h2><br>
<p>The school&#39;s campus and buildings, after its 1990 closure, sat vacant for several years. The city of Phoenix obtained the land in 1996 in a land exchange that involved the Barron Collier Company and the federal government. Barron Collier established a $35 million trust fund for Native American children, and the city converted the campus into Steele Indian School Park, which opened in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The three NRHP-listed buildings and large pond make up its landmark core. The parks design pays homage to the sites Native American history. Many of the design elements reflect Native American concepts of life, earth and the universe.</p><br>
<p>The 75-acre Park includes the 2.5 acre Bird Lake, the outdoor amphitheater with seating for 1,500 people, the 15 acre Entry Garden featuring desert native plants and Native American poems in the ramps, the 30 acre Phoenix Green shady oasis area with meandering walkways, and a 15 acre Neighborhood Park with recreation, sports, and picnicing features.</p><br>
<h2>Notable students</h2><br>
<p>Mary Morez, artist</p><br>
<p>St. Pauls United Church of Christ of Laramie was founded in 1886 as the first German language congregation in Wyoming. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The cornerstone was laid on July 13, 1890, three days after statehood. Clergy from Chicago and the local Christian, Methodist, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Baptist Churches participated in the ceremony, with an address by Dr. John Wesley Hoyt, former Governor of Wyoming Territory and at the time first president of the University of Wyoming. It is the oldest church structure in Laramie continuously used by the same congregation. With its stained glass windows and heavy wooden furnishings, St. Pauls is reminiscent of rural German churches. Those elaborate windows and its many simplified Gothic elements make the building unique among Lutheran churches in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The churchs several name changes reflect its history. The original name for the congregation (which spoke and worshiped in German) was Deutsche Evangelische Lutherische St. Paulus Gemeinde. (The original corporate name omitted the apostrophe in "St. Pauls" because German does not use one.) After the Evangelical Synod merged with the Reformed Church in the United States in 1934, St. Pauls changed its name in 1949 to St. Pauls Evangelical and Reformed Church of Laramie, Wyoming. After the Evangelical and Reformed Church merged with the Congregational Christian Churches in 1957 to create the United Church of Christ, the church changed its name in 1963 to St. Pauls United Church of Christ. Since 1974 the church has had its present name, St. Paul&#39;s United Church of Christ of Laramie.</p><br>
<p>During World War I St. Pauls (locally known then as "the German church") and its German-speaking pastor, Rev. O.G. Wichmann, were the targets of anti-German sentiment and murmurings of spying and other disloyal activities. The churchs last German language sermon was preached in 1932. In 1976, St. Paul&#39;s became the first Laramie church to call an ordained woman as its pastor.</p><br>
<p>Gastons Mill-Lock No. 36, Sandy and Beaver Canal District, is a historic district listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The district is located within Beaver Creek State Park, approximately 1 mile south of Clarkson, Ohio. Gastons Mill was constructed in 1837 and was powered by Little Beaver Creek. Lock 36 was one of 90 locks on the Sandy and Beaver Canal. Construction of this canal began in 1834 but was not completed until 1848.</p><br>
<p>Restoration and reconstruction of the mill began in 1964 and today it grinds whole wheat flour, corn meal and buckwheat flour. Gaston&#39;s Mill is the only working water-powered grist mill in Columbiana County. The rebuilding of Lock 36 began in 1988 and was completed in 1991. The lock was restored as an example of how locks were used to raise and lower boats in the canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gastons Mill was built by Samuel Conkle around 1837, on land that was then part of his father Jacobs farm; the land came into his possession in 1843 after his fathers death. Conkle employed the mill with a wide range of grains, including corn, wheat, oats, and buckwheat. In 1849, he sold the mill along with the land and water privileges to James Gaston. The mill is named for Philander Gaston, James Gastons son, who owned the mill longer than any other owner. The mill was water powered until Gaston sold it in 1886. At its peak, the mill produced nearly 200 pounds of flour per day.</p><br>
<p>Lock 36 was one of 90 locks on the Sandy and Beaver Canal. The canal was under construction between 1828 and 1848. The canal was built as a "feeder" canal to join the Ohio and Erie Canal.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The mill was renovated under the auspices of the Columbiana Forests and Park Council (now the "Friends of Beaver Creek State Park"). During the reconstruction, the building was straightened and wood beams were replaced in the basement. The mill&#39;s siding and part of the floors were replaced and a new shingle roof was installed. A new roof was put on the building using shingles produced by an old shingle machine built in 1857 in Salem, Ohio. Most of the wood timbers and posts are original.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of Lock 36 began in 1988 and was completed in 1991. The cantilevered wood-beam gates used in the restoration were built during a workshop held at Beaver Creek State Park. The builders, Christian & Son Timber, constructed the gates using period tools and dressed as craftsmen of the mid-1800s.</p><br>
<p>Today, the renovated mill and lock are part of Pioneer Village in Beaver Creek State park. The village, open to visitors, is operated by the Friends of Beaver Creek State park. The Blanche Williams Home near the mill, home of the last private owner of the mill, burned down in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Gastons Mill-Lock No. 36, Sandy And Beaver Canal District (section) was added to the National Register of Historic Places in May 1974. Its significance is due partially to its rarity: the route from Elkton and Fredericktown was formerly lined with six mills, but Gastons is the only one that remains.</p><br>
<p>Substation #401, also called the "Essex Sub-station" is a historic New York City Subway electrical substation.</p><br>
<p>This facility is located on the south side of Fulton Street, between Essex Street and Shepherd Avenue, in the East New York neighborhood of the borough of Brooklyn. It sits adjacent to the BMT Jamaica Line between the Cleveland Street and Norwood Avenue stations.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1901 by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company for the Cypress Hills extension of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line, and is a Beaux Arts style structure. Through a series of acquisitions, it was passed over to the Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation, then the New York City Board of Transportation, the New York City Transit Authority, and finally the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), where it remains to this day.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Weir Greenhouse is a historic greenhouse located across the street from the main entrance of Green-Wood Cemetery in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York, New York. It was designed by George Curtis Gillespie and built in 1895 by James Weir, Jr., a Brooklyn florist who had been in business for 50 years when he built the greenhouse for the business he operated with his son and grandson. It is a rectangular, wood frame and galvanized iron building with projecting bays and domes in the Victorian commercial style. The main entrance is set at an angle to the street corner and is octagonal in form. The rooftop features an octaginal cupola with a ball finial. Attached to the greenhouse is a one-story brick office structure.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Weirs continued to operate the business until 1971, when they sold to the McGovern family. By spring, 2015, structural stabilization of the vacant, decayed building was complete, and the project was scheduled to move toward restoration of the building to its 1895 appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Codés Range  is a mountain range of western Navarre, Spain, part of the Basque Mountains. Its highest point is the 1,418 metres high Ioar, located between Santa Cruz de Campezo and Aguilar de Codés. The Codés Range is the westernmost mountain range in Navarre, located right at the limit of Álava Province.</p><br>
<p>The Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Codés is located in this mountain range, within the Torralba del Río municipal term.</p><br>
<p>Together with the neighboring Andia and Urbasa ranges further north, Codés summits are usually covered in snow in the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Summits</h2><br>
<p>Ioar, 1,418 m</p><br>
<p>Kodes, 1,414 m</p><br>
<p>Grudo, 1,363 m</p><br>
<p>Laplana, 1,337 m</p><br>
<p>Peña Blanca, 1,249 m</p><br>
<p>San Cristobal, 1,245 m</p><br>
<p>Costalera, 1,234 m</p><br>
<p>Peña Redonda, 1,207 m</p><br>
<p>Peña Gallet, 1,158 m</p><br>
<p>Humada, 1,155 m</p><br>
<p>Malpica, 1,087 m</p><br>
<p>La Cogolla, 1,072 metro</p><br>
<p>Camp Pendleton is a 325 acre state military reservation in Virginia Beach, Virginia, named after Brigadier General William N. Pendleton, who served as Robert E. Lee&#39;s chief of artillery during the Civil War. It lies on the Atlantic coast slightly east of Naval Air Station Oceana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The facility was laid out in 1911, with construction beginning in 1912, as the State Rifle Range for the use of the state militia. Between 1922 and 1942, it was named after the then serving Governor of Virginia, being firstly named Camp Trinkle (1922–1926), then Camp Byrd (1926–1930), Camp Pollard (1930–1934), Camp Peery (1934–1938), and Camp Price (1938–1942). During both World Wars, the base was federalized. In World War I it was used by the USA Navy for coastal artillery training and during World War II it was controlled by USA Army, who first applied the name Camp Pendleton.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>The Camp Pendleton-State Military Reservation Historic District was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 2005. The camp initially was about 400 acre in size. The original 1912 construction mostly related to the rifle range, but most of those buildings were demolished prior to World War II. A second major construction phase began in 1919, during which the USA Navy focused on improvements to the rifle range. Those buildings have also been demolished, but the layout of both the first and second phase remains. The third and final phase of construction was the responsibility of the USA Army during World War II; most of the camp&#39;s remaining buildings date from that phase. At the time it was listed on the National Register, Camp Pendleton had 108 buildings in a condition good enough to qualify them as contributing properties.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The operation and maintenance of Camp Pendleton is funded primarily by the federal government through the National Guard Bureau, and its primary purpose is the training of personnel and organizations of the Virginia National Guard, as well as other states&#39; National Guard units and components of the USA Armed Forces. When the facilities are not used by military organizations, state and local civilian agencies also conduct training at the site. Its facilities include a small arms range, helicopter landing strip, classrooms, barracks, dining halls, maintenance garages, training fields, and a chapel. Other tenants include the Military Sealift Command, whose facilities are leased to the federal government by the State of Virginia, and the 203rd RED HORSE Air National Guard. On March 3, 2001 the 18 members of the 203rd RED HORSE and 2 Florida Air Guardsmen died in a plane crash over Georgia. It is considered the worst peacetime Air Guard crash ever and the worst National Guard loss of life in Virginia since World War II.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the United States Department of Defense began the Youth Challenge Program. The Virginia implementation of that program is the Commonwealth Challenge (or Commonwealth ChalleNGe), a program with a military structure operated by the Virginia National Guard on Camp Pendleton for at risk 16- to 18-year-olds. It focuses on developing "values, skills, education and self-discipline". Youths come from all parts of Virginia. The Camp Pendleton program opened in September 1994 (some cite July 1994), is 5 1/2 months long, and offers a GED program. There are three phases: 2 weeks of indoctrination, 20 weeks of the core program, and a 12-month post-graduation program. Community service is part of the program. Classes start each January and June. The only cost to the participant is personal items; tuition, room, and board are provided. So far 30 classes and over 3000 cadets have graduated. In 2010 Virginia almost removed funding for the program but it was restored by the governor.</p><br>
<p>Since shortly after World War II a 2,000 ft&sup2; home on the camp has served as a vacation spot for the presiding governor of Virginia. The architecture of this home is in the same style as the rest of the camp. It has vinyl siding. The "cottage" was originally built in 1915 and initially served as the commanding officer&#39;s residence. Since the summer of 2004, the United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps has conducted summer and winter boot camps at Camp Pendleton.</p><br>
<h2>Future</h2><br>
<p>When the facility was created it was in a relatively remote, sparsely populated area, but since then, the City of Virginia Beach has grown and developed around it, leading to concerns over safety issues. Over time hundreds of acres of land belonging to the camp have been sold to the city of Virginia Beach. The role of Camp Pendleton is also changing, as more National Guard training takes place at the much larger Fort Pickett, lessening the importance of Camp Pendleton. This has led to repeated requests by the City authorities to convert it to other uses, including complete or partial conversion to a state park. The findings of a report completed at the behest of the Virginia General Assembly on November 22, 1998 were that it was not feasible at that time to convert Camp Pendleton to a state park because of the demands of long-term planning, coordination with the federal government, and environmental reclamation.</p><br>
<p>Fort San Juan was a late 16th-century fort built by the Spanish under the command of conquistador Juan Pardo in the native village of Joara, in what is now Burke County, North Carolina. Used as an outpost for Pardos expedition into the interior of what was known to the Spaniards as "la Florida", Fort San Juan was the foremost of six forts built and garrisoned by Pardo in modern-day North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee to extend Spains effective control deeper into the North American continent.</p><br>
<p>Fort San Juan was the first European settlement in North Carolina and the interior of present-day United States, predating the earliest British settlement at Roanoke Island, North Carolina by 18 years. In 1568, natives from Joara and the region surrounding the fort razed this and the five other Spanish forts, killing all but one of the soldiers.</p><br>
<p>After the fort&#39;s destruction, its exact location was lost. Archaeological work has been underway for years, revealing artifacts suggestive of Spanish settlement. During the summer of 2013, archaeologists affiliated with the University of Michigan, Tulane University and Warren Wilson College announced that they had discovered evidence of a defensive moat and other remains, definitive evidence of Fort San Juan.</p><br>
<h2>Joara and the Pardo expedition</h2><br>
<p>In 1566, a fleet under the command of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés established the coastal mission of Santa Elena on what is now Parris Island in South Carolina. Santa Elena was established to be the headquarters for further Spanish expeditions into the interior of North America, and in this vein, Avilés ordered conquistador Juan Pardo to explore the interior of the new territory, and to find an overland route to Spains silver-rich holdings in Zacatecas, Mexico, located within what was known as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Pardos expedition set out from Santa Elena in December 1566, and followed the routes of the Congaree and Wateree rivers up to the native city of Cofitachequi, which had been visited 26 years prior by Hernando de Soto. The expedition continued along the Wateree past where it becomes the Catawba River (in modern-day naming conventions), arriving in 1567 at the Native American city of Joara (spelled "Xuala" in later Spanish maps).</p><br>
<p>By 1567, Joara had been occupied people of the Mississippian culture consistently since the 15th century A.D.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment of the fort</h2><br>
<p>Pardos expedition was forced to stop at Joara for an extended period of time due to heavy snowfall in the Blue Ridge Mountains, which prevented their progress. During their two-week stay at Joara, Pardos men constructed Fort San Juan in the style of a blockhouse, and possibly also built a palisade and moat.</p><br>
<h2>Further expeditions from Fort San Juan</h2><br>
<p>After two weeks at Joara, Pardo left a garrison of 30 Spanish soldiers at the newly built fort under the command of Hernando Moyano de Morales. Pardo and the remaining Spaniards headed east, exploring away from the Catawba River, towards the site of the modern-day city of Salisbury. While exploring in that direction, Pardo received word that Santa Elena was being threatened by a French expedition. Pardo returned to Santa Elena, leaving Moyano without support at Fort San Juan. Pardo reached Santa Elena on March 7, 1567. Meanwhile, Moyano set out on an expedition through the mountains toward the Chiaha village of Maniatique (near present-day Saltville, Virginia), which he attacked. Pardo was tasked with returning to Fort San Juan and locating a trail to Zacatecas. Upon reaching Joara, on September 24, 1567, Pardo received word that Moyano was under attack from a force of Native Americans at Chiaha. Pardo arrived at that town on October 7, 1567, and retrieved Moyano and his men, returning with them to Fort San Juan on November 6, 1567.</p><br>
<h2>Destruction</h2><br>
<p>After resting and replenishing supplies at Fort San Juan for two weeks, Pardo and his men began their return voyage to Santa Elena, leaving a garrison of 31 men at the fort. Along the way back to the coast, Pardo constructed several more forts, including one named Santiago and another named Santo Tomás. Pardo arrived at Santa Elena on March 2, 1568, and never returned to the interior of the continent. The fate of the Spanish garrison at Fort San Juan is not exactly known, but it is known that in May 1568, a contingent of Native Americans laid siege to the fort, lured out its garrison, and killed the Spaniards, with the exception of one, Juan de Badejoz, who claimed to have escaped and hidden in the woods. Subsequent to the fort&#39;s destruction, the occupants of Joara constructed a ceremonial mound over the site.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work and location</h2><br>
<p>Joara&#39;s location has been long disputed, but several archaeologists and researchers, including Robin Beck of the University of Michigan, announced in 2013 that evidence uncovered at the "Berry Site", an archaeological site revealing the remains of a large Native American settlement in Burke County, North Carolina, definitively demonstrates that that site contains a portion of Joara. Previously, scholars believed that the site of Joara may have been located near the Qualla Boundary in Swain County, North Carolina, or elsewhere in the Appalachian foothills of North Carolina or Tennessee, between Knoxville and the Catawba River.</p><br>
<h2>Commemoration and current status</h2><br>
<p>Despite being unsure of the fort&#39;s exact location at the time, in 2008 the State of North Carolina erected a highway historical marker commemorating the fort in Morganton, North Carolina, which had developed in this area. This was based on the findings published from 2004 to 2006 of the results of earlier archeological work, including Spanish trade goods and tools.</p><br>
<p>The Clarion County Courthouse and Jail is a historic courthouse and jail located in Clarion, Clarion County, Pennsylvania. The courthouse was built between 1883 and 1885, and is a 3 1/2-story, brick Victorian structure with Classical details measuring 78 feet, 8 inches, wide and 134 feet deep. It has a 213 foot tall, 25 feet square, clock tower. The jail was built between 1873 and 1875, and is a half brick / half sandstone building, located behind the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two earlier courthouse were built on the site, the first was completed in 1843, the second in 1863. Both were built of brick and both were destroyed by fire. The second courthouse burned down on September 12, 1882.</p><br>
<p>Sixteen contractors bid to construct the current courthouse, with bids ranging between $88,370 and $135,000. P.H. Melvin made the winning bid. Construction started on July 6, 1883 and was scheduled to be completed on November 16, 1884, but actual completion was on October 14, 1885. On January 27, 1885 Melvin was removed as contractor and the three bondsmen became acting contractors, retaining Melvin as superintendent of construction. Total completed cost was $126,936. Melvin later sued the county for $40,000, apparently unsuccessfully, for failure to comply with the contracted conditions.</p><br>
<p>The architect was E.M. Butz of Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now part of Pittsburgh) who designed the building in the Queen Anne style and the supervising architect was D. English of Brockville. Henry Warner of Allegheny painted the frescos. The floor tiling was laid by the Star Encaustic Tile Company of Pittsburgh and the Howard Clock Company of New York supplied the 9-foot diameter clock dial and the 1313 pound bell. A galvanized iron sculpture called the "Lady of Justice", standing 9 feet 11 inches tall on top of the clock tower, is of unknown origin.</p><br>
<p>Changes and renovations to courthouse include:</p><br>
<p>1889 - gas illumination of the clock was added</p><br>
<p>1923 - electric lighting added</p><br>
<p>1977 - complete electrical re-wiring, and</p><br>
<p>1981 - a complete exterior renovation</p><br>
<p>The "Lady of Justice" was restored in 1981. About 25 bullet holes were in the statue and her left arm was missing. The statue was restored by Ranochak & Company of Shelbyville, Indiana with a fiberglass coating and fiberglass backing inside the statue. During the restoration the statue&#39;s weight doubled to 250 pounds.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Arch Bridge is a bridge in Danville, Illinois, which carries USA Route 136  across Stony Creek. The segmental arch bridge is 92 ft long and built with sandstone. The bridge was built in the 1890s to facilitate Danville&#39;s expansion during an industrial boom. As various geographic and political limitations prevented the city from expanding in any directions but east and southeast, the city grew over Stony Creek, necessitating a new bridge. Mayor John Beard commissioned the bridge; during the 1890s, Beard and political rival John Cannon clashed over many issues, and Beard most likely built the bridge to demonstrate his political effectiveness. The bridge is the only segmented arch bridge remaining in east-central Illinois and is one of five stone arch bridges in the region.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Susquehanna County Courthouse Complex, also known as Susquehanna County Courthouse & Jail, is a historic courthouse complex located at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. The complex consists of four contributing buildings, one contributing site , and four contributing objects , an early surveyors marker, and a 1930s Veterans memorial).</p><br>
<p>The complex is located on a four-acre plot that was donated to Montrose for public use in 1853. The original section of the courthouse was built in 1854-1855, and is a three bay by seven bay, two-story brick structure in the Greek Revival style. It features a pedimented portico with fluted Ionic order columns and five bay arcade at the first level. It has a shallow gable roof topped by an octagonal cupola. The building has been expanded five times; in 1883, 1902, 1950, 1954, and 1982. The original jail was built in 1853, with a brick addition made in 1973. It is a two-story, rectangular stone structure now known as the Susquehanna County Courthouse Annex. Appended to the Annex is a two-story brick building built in 1925, and originally a part of a now demolished school. The Jail of 1867-1868 is a three-story, stone building measuring 48 feet by 64 feet, and topped by a distinctive cupola. It has a red brick extension with stone trim and flat-topped and rounded windows.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Mooresburg School is a one story building in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, USA, that was constructed in 1875 and rebuilt in 1891. It is a brick vernacular building measuring thirty-five feet by twenty-eight feet on a fieldstone foundation and is located on the south side of Pennsylvania Route 642 and Pennsylvania Route 45 one half mile east of Mooresburg. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mooresburg One Room School was constructed in 1875 by Liberty Township near the small village of Mooresburg. In 1891, the Mooresburg School was "rebuilt" by Liberty Township, as indicated on a datestone. It is not known how the school was rebuilt. Mooresburg One Room School remained opened and continued to educate local children in grades one through eight until 1964 when it was acquired by the Montour County Historical Society. It is now a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Free Library in Eureka, California was built in Classical Revival Style in 1902. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and currently houses the Morris Graves Museum of Art.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first reading rooms and libraries in Eureka date from 1859, but they were not stable. The 1878 California Rogers Free Library Act permitted incorporated towns and cities to raise a tax for free reading rooms and public libraries. Eureka was the first city to finance a public library under the Rogers Act and housed its library in rented quarters.</p><br>
<p>After receiving a $20,000 Carnegie library grant in 1901, the library trustees held a competition and selected local architects Knowles Evans and B.C. Tarver of Eureka to design the building from red brick and Mad River granite exterior with two story solid redwood columns ringing a colorful tile mosaic floor in the domed rotunda. When contractor Ambrose Foster ran over budget, the trustees sought but failed to obtain an additional $10,000 from Carnegie. Changes to the building were few, but the original dome was removed, only a skylight remains.</p><br>
<p>The Library was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 recognized both as a Carnegie Library and an example of Classical Revival architecture in a nearly-original condition.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the City of Eureka and the Humboldt Arts Council helped save the Library which had been slated for demolition. The capital campaign to save the library raised $1.5 million from corporations, foundations and the local community. Restoration began in 1999 and the Library was converted to house a newly created Museum of Art, named after founding patron, northwest school artist Morris Graves, which opened on January 1, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Bárcena volcano is classified as a dormant, or historical, cinder cone type volcano that encompasses the southern end of the San Benedicto Island, Mexico. It is grouped with a chain of volcanic islands known as the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico. These islands are situated in close proximity to each other, and can be found in the Pacific ocean. They are also considered to be part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Volcán Bárcena is positioned 220 miles  off the south-eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. The closest city to Barcena is Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption/Creation</h2><br>
<p>The Volcan Barcena was created by a series of eruptions that started on 1 August 1952. The first eruption took place in the early morning, and was rated at a 3.0 on the volcanic scale. This eruption spewed immense amounts of ash and rock. The eruption is responsible for the formation of the base of the volcano and the overall extension of the island, the second eruption is responsible for the formation of a large crater inside of the volcanic cone, and the third has been widely accepted as the cause of lava discharge throughout the island. The series of eruptions that created the volcano came to an end less than seven months later. At its peak, the Barcena Volcano reaches an astounding height of 1090 feet (332 meters).</p><br>
<p>Suntop Lookout  is located on Suntop Mountain in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest in central Washington, USA. The fire lookout is at an elevation of about 5,270 ft overlooking the valleys of the White River and Huckleberry Creek just to the north of Mount Rainier National Park. Built to standard USA Forest Service plans, the one-story ground-level lookout measures fourteen by fourteen feet. The frame structure is capped by a pyramidal roof, and features large windows on all four sides with pivoting shutters that act as sunshades.</p><br>
<p>The Suntop lookout was built in either 1932 or 1933 to standard plans for an "L-4 Lookout House." It is one of two intact lookouts from the period in the former Snoqualmie National Forest. The lookout was used during World War II in the USA Army Aircraft Warning System.</p><br>
<p>The lookout was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Tordera  is a river of Catalonia . It flows through the town of Tordera.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river is 55 km long. Its source is in the Montseny Massif, and it discharges in the Mediterranean Sea. The river&#39;s average discharge is 5.01 m3/s.</p><br>
<p>Its main tributaries are the Riera de Gualba, Riera de Arbúcies, Riera de Santa Coloma and the Riera de Valmanya. The river runs through the protected areas of the Parc Natural del Montseny and the Parc Natural del Montnegre i el Corredor.</p><br>
<p>The last stretch of the Tordera is a wide sandy bed subject to seasonal flow. The brackish lagoon in its final delta area is an important area for migratory birds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the last week of January 1939 the 77th Division of the Spanish Republican Army, together with the 242nd Mixed Brigade —which had not been ascribed to any division—, tried to establish a planned defensive line along the course of the Tordera River in order to halt the massive rebel offensive. The units took position along the course of the river east of the Montseny Massif on 27 January.</p><br>
<p>The effort, however, proved futile and in practice it became impossible for the Republican forces to put up any meaningful resistance, especially since the young, inexperienced and ill-equipped 242rd Mixed Brigade —posted at the lower course of the river— was not prepared for the battle and quickly fell into disarray and was overrun.</p><br>
<p>In the face of the powerful and steady enemy advance the 77th Division abandoned the defensive line along the Tordera and withdrew to the town of Vic, which it lost on 1 February.</p><br>
